Music and Society

Thesis

Music serves as a powerful commentary on society and fosters unity among people by reflecting cultural values, addressing societal issues, and providing a platform for collective expression.

Direct Tie to Thesis

Music often reflects cultural values through its lyrics, melodies, and rhythms. It serves as a form of communication that transcends barriers, allowing individuals to express themselves and find connections with others. For example, genres like hip-hop frequently address social and political issues, serving as a commentary on contemporary society. Music also influences our mental and physical states, serving as a source of inspiration, motivation, and comfort.

Research 

Studies by scholars like Susan Fast and Robin James highlight how music communicates societal messages and influences the collective consciousness. Fast's work on popular music and cultural identity, and James's research on the intersection of music, race, and gender, provide insights into how music reflects and shapes societal norms.

Musical Performances

Alright by Kendrick Lamar

Released in 2015, this hip-hop anthem addresses racial tensions and police brutality in the United States. The repetitive chorus of "We gon' be alright" serves as a rallying cry for hope and resilience amidst adversity. The use of syncopated rhythms and brass instrumentation adds a sense of urgency and empowerment to the song.

Imagine by John Lennon

Written in 1971, Imagine advocates for peace, unity, and the abolition of societal divisions such as religion and nationality. The simple piano accompaniment and Lennon's earnest vocals create an intimate atmosphere, inviting listeners to envision a world free from conflict and strife.

Musical Analysis

Analyzing the lyrics of Alright by Kendrick Lamar reveals themes of resilience and empowerment, while the use of syncopated rhythms and brass instrumentation conveys urgency and determination. The contrast between the upbeat tempo and the serious subject matter creates a sense of tension, reflecting the complexity of societal issues.

The simplicity of the piano accompaniment and Lennon's earnest vocals in his hit Imagine underscores the message of unity and peace. The absence of percussion and elaborate arrangements allows the lyrics to take center stage, emphasizing the importance of the message over musical embellishments.

Aesthetic Judgment

Both Alright and Imagine are powerful works that resonate with audiences on a deep emotional level. Alright energizes listeners with its infectious rhythm and empowering lyrics, while Imagine evokes a sense of introspection and contemplation with its poignant melody and hopeful message.

Context

Alright emerged during a time of heightened racial tensions in the United States, following incidents of police brutality against African Americans. Kendrick Lamar's performance of the song at the 2015 BET Awards, atop a vandalized police car, further amplified its message of resilience and resistance. Imagine was released during the Vietnam War era, a period marked by social and political unrest. John Lennon's status as a cultural icon and his tragic assassination in 1980 have cemented the song's legacy as an anthem for peace and unity.

Personal Journey

My relationship with music has deepened significantly through this course, as I've gained a deeper understanding of its role in society and its power to evoke emotions and convey messages. Learning about the cultural and political influences on music has made me more mindful of the messages embedded in songs and has heightened my appreciation for the diversity of musical expressions. Exploring different genres and analyzing musical elements has definitely enhanced my listening experience for sure.

References

How Does Music Affect Society?www.savethemusic.org/blog/how-does-music-affect-society/.

Fast, Susan, and Kip Pegley. Music, Politics, and Violence. www.echo.ucla.edu/review-fast-music-politics-and-violence/.

James, Robin. The Conjectural Body: Gender, Race, and The Philosophy of Music. Scribd, www.scribd.com/document/256677843/Robin-James-the-Conjectural-Body-Gender-Race-And-the-Philosophy-of-Music.

Music and the Fictive Dream

 Opera, Hansel and Gretel

Background

Hansel and Gretel, composed by Engelbert Humperdinck, made its debut in Weimar under the baton of Richard Strauss in 1893, and shortly thereafter, it premiered in Hamburg on September 25, 1894, with Gustav Mahler conducting. The opera's popularity quickly spread beyond Germany, with performances in Basel, Switzerland, and London's Daly's Theatre in December 1894. Its American premiere followed in New York on October 8, 1895, marking its entry into the United States. Australia experienced its first taste of the enchanting tale on April 6, 1907, at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne. Throughout its journey across English-speaking countries, Hansel and Gretel has predominantly been performed in English, with various translations contributing to its repertoire. Constance Bache's translation was a long-standing standard, while Norman Kelley's version gained prominence in the United States, particularly for the Metropolitan Opera's 1967 production. Notably, in 1987, the English National Opera in London introduced a darkly comic production with a new English translation by David Pountney, which has since been adopted by the Metropolitan Opera since 2007, originally created for the Welsh National Opera.

Serving Role

Hansel and Gretel, composed by Engelbert Humperdinck, serves the story as a whole by infusing it with a lighter touch suitable for its fairy-tale subject matter while still retaining the harmonic techniques learned from his mentor, Richard Wagner. The opera provides insight into the characters' emotions and motivations, presenting a softer and more accessible version of the Grimms' original tale. Instead of the grim fate depicted in the original story, Hansel and Gretel's mother simply sends them out to pick strawberries to keep them out of trouble. The addition of friendly characters like the Sandman, the Dew Fairy, and angels adds depth to the narrative and contributes to the overall tone of the opera. Humperdinck's adaptation allows for a more nuanced exploration of themes such as family, resilience, and the power of prayer, making the story more relatable and engaging for audiences of all ages. The immediate success of the opera, with numerous performances across Germany in its first year alone, underscores its enduring appeal and its ability to resonate with audiences worldwide.

Social Commentary

The opera "Hansel and Gretel" serves as a social commentary on the hardships faced by families, particularly children, during times of poverty and lack of emotional support. Engelbert Humperdinck's adaptation of the Grimm Brothers' story highlights the struggles of the titular characters and their family, reflecting the harsh realities of life in the pre-modern era. The absence of a nurturing and loving caregiver, particularly a mother figure, underscores the importance of emotional support and protection for children. "Hansel and Gretel" portrays the siblings' journey through the forest, navigating danger and temptation, highlighting themes of resilience and the crucial role of familial bonds during adversity. Furthermore, the opera serves as a cautionary tale against greed and selfishness, embodied by the character of the witch. It offers a poignant reflection on the impact of poverty and the significance of familial love and support in overcoming life's challenges.

Music

“Hansel and Gretel: Sandman’s Song and Evening Prayer” by Engelbert Humperdinck

“Hansel and Gretel: Witches’ Ride” by Engelbert Humperdinck, performed by the UChicago Symphony Orchestra

Opinion

"Hansel and Gretel" by Engelbert Humperdinck shows various musical elements to get across its enchanting and poignant narrative. By incorporating harmonic techniques inspired by Humperdinck's mentor Richard Wagner, I think the opera crafts a rich and immersive sonic atmosphere that elevates the enchanting fairy-tale narrative. Humperdinck's adaptation of "Hansel and Gretel" skillfully blends lightness and depth through the incorporation of whimsical characters like the Sandman and the Dew Fairy, reflected in the opera's musical themes and orchestrations. In my opinion, this balance allows for a nuanced exploration of themes such as family, resilience, and the significance of prayer. The opera's immediate success and enduring appeal are a testament to its ability to resonate with audiences of all ages, showcasing the timeless quality of its music and storytelling. In essence, "Hansel and Gretel" is a captivating and emotionally resonant piece that underscores the significance of familial love and support in overcoming life's trials.

References 

“Hansel and Gretel (Opera).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Apr. 2022, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(opera).

“Hansel and Gretel.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hansel-and-Gretel-opera-by-Humperdinck.

Role of the Performer

 Bibliography of Tina Turner

1. Tina Turner: A BibliographyTurner, Tina. I, Tina: My Life Story. New York: William Morrow & Co, 1986.Turner's autobiography offers an intimate account of her life, from her early struggles to her rise to fame as a music icon alongside Ike Turner and her subsequent solo career.
2. Turner, Tina. Tina Turner: My Love Story. New York: Atria Books, 2018.In this memoir, Turner reflects on her legendary career, personal challenges, and triumphs, providing readers with a deeper understanding of her journey to self-discovery and resilience.
3. What's Love Got to Do with It [Motion Picture]. Directed by Brian Gibson. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 1993.This biographical film, based on Tina Turner's autobiography, chronicles her tumultuous relationship with Ike Turner and her empowering journey to reclaim her life and career.
4. Tina: The Tina Turner Musical [Stage Production]. Directed by Phyllida Lloyd. London: Aldwych Theatre, 2018.This jukebox musical celebrates Tina Turner's life and music, showcasing her iconic hits and inspiring story of survival, resilience, and triumph.
5. Guralnick, Peter. Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom. New York: Back Bay Books, 1986.While not solely focused on Tina Turner, this book provides historical context on the R&B and soul music scene, which influenced Turner's early career and musical style.
6. Tina Turner: Simply the Best [Compact Disc]. Capitol Records, 1991.This compilation album features some of Tina Turner's greatest hits, including "What's Love Got to Do with It", "Proud Mary", and "Nutbush City Limits", showcasing her powerful vocals and enduring legacy in music.
7. Brown, Adrienne L. Tina Turner: Break Every Rule. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1995.Aimed at young readers, this biography introduces Tina Turner's life and career, inspiring readers with her determination to overcome adversity and achieve success in the music industry.

Role of Tina Turner

I feel that musicians who interpret the compositions of others play a crucial role in bringing the composer's vision to life and adding their own artistic interpretation to the music. While composers create the musical framework, performers like Tina Turner infuse it with emotion, expression, and personal flair, enhancing the audience's connection to the music. Turner, with her powerful vocals, dynamic stage presence, and charismatic performances, serves the specific niche of bringing energy, soulfulness, and raw emotion to both her own hits and covers of other artists' songs. She transforms compositions into electrifying performances that captivate audiences and create memorable musical experiences. Thus, musicians like Tina Turner serve as conduits between the composer's intentions and the listener's emotions, enriching the musical landscape with their unique interpretations and performances.

Musical Elements and Opinion

In "What's Love Got to Do with It," Tina Turner's powerful vocals and dynamic performance style convey a message of empowerment and defiance. The upbeat tempo, catchy melody, and soulful delivery evoke a sense of liberation and self-discovery. Her raspy voice adds depth and emotion to the lyrics, amplifying the song's theme of breaking free from societal expectations. With her commanding stage presence, Turner embodies the role of a confident and empowered woman, inspiring listeners to embrace their strength and individuality.

In "A Fool in Love," Tina Turner displays her exceptional talent and emotional depth as a vocalist. The song's slow tempo, bluesy melody, and heartfelt lyrics evoke a sense of vulnerability and longing. Her soulful delivery and expressive phrasing capture the pain and turmoil of love's challenges, drawing listeners into the emotional journey of the protagonist. The soulful instrumentation, including bluesy guitar riffs and backing vocals, enhances the song's impact, while Turner's powerful voice serves as the focal point, conveying the heartache and resilience of the narrative. 

As a performer, I think she immerses herself fully in the song's narrative, channeling raw emotion and intensity to connect with her audience on a profound level. Through her masterful interpretations, Turner showcases her enduring role as a musical icon and storyteller, resonating with authenticity, passion, and humanity.

Songs

What’s Love Got to Do with It

• Composer: Terry Britten and Graham Lyle

• Date Released: 1984

• Country of Origin: United States

A Fool in Love

• Composer: Ike Turner

• Date Released: 1960

• Country of Origin: United States

References

Feinberg, Samuil. "THE COMPOSER AND THE PERFORMER." Stanford University Mathematics Department, https://math.stanford.edu/~ryzhik/Feinberg1.html.

"Tina Turner." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Mar. 2024, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Turner.

Take a Musical Trip

Music of South Africa

South African music's unique character arises from its blend of diverse cultural influences and historical contexts. Factors like the fusion of African, European, and Asian music, urbanization, mining culture, the creation of Marabi, and the incorporation of African elements into gospel music all contribute to its distinctiveness. The legacy of apartheid, missionary work, and local music movements like Tzaneen Rap also play significant roles, reflecting the country's social and cultural dynamics.

South African music from the 1980s captures a vibrant cultural scene marked by resistance to social oppression. Bands like Sakhile and Bayete blend Afro-jazz with American fusion and African patterns, showcasing diverse musical influences. The emergence of genres like 'bubblegum' and crossover between black and white musicians, such as Johnny Clegg and Juluka, challenge apartheid's racial divisions. Satirical Afrikaans songs by James Phillips and Ladysmith Black Mambazo's international collaborations highlight music's role in cultural protest and global awareness.

The distinctive sound of South African music is defined by a vibrant fusion of diverse cultural influences, rhythmic complexity, and soulful melodies. It incorporates intricate polyrhythms from African percussion instruments, melodies inspired by traditional African music, Western harmonies, and elements of jazz, blues, and pop. Vocal expression, ranging from powerful harmonies to soulful crooning, is also central to the South African musical experience.

South African music responds to societal challenges like urbanization and apartheid, with Marabi music serving as both entertainment and resistance. Christianity's influence is evident in hymns adapted into African languages, shaping gospel music. In the mid-20th century, Afrikaner composers navigated apartheid's complexities, incorporating Black African music or embracing nationalist sentiments. Today, artists like Simphiwe Dana and Thandiswa Mazwai blend genres, while kwaito and community rap explore cultural identity and social commentary. South African music reflects its diverse heritage and serves as a platform for social and political expression, resonating globally.

Sources:

Music of South Africa. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa#:~:text=The%20South%20African%20music%20scene,music%2C%20hip%20hop%20and%20amapiano.

The Development of Music in South Africa Timeline 1600-2004. South African History Online, www.sahistory.org.za/article/development-music-south-africa-timeline-1600-2004.

Innovations and Evolutions

 The Origins of Rap Music

The evolution of rap music from its beginnings in the Bronx in the 1970s showcases a significant shift in both its sound and societal impact. Initially, rap served as a means of expression for marginalized urban communities, combining elements of DJing, emceeing, and breakdancing. Pioneers like DJ Clive "Kool Herc" Campbell introduced techniques such as breakbeats and scratching, shaping the genre's sonic landscape. Early rap was characterized by raw poetry over rhythmic beats, with tracks like "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang setting the stage for mainstream success with its infectious rhymes and funky groove upon its release in 1979.

In its early stages, rap music served as a platform for self-expression and empowerment within marginalized communities, addressing social issues faced by Black and Latino youth. As rap gained mainstream popularity in the late 1970s and 1980s, artists diversified their musical elements and lyrical themes, leading to the emergence of subgenres like gangsta rap. Despite controversy, gangsta rap provided a means for artists to depict the realities of urban life and challenge societal norms. In later years, rap continued to evolve, with artists like Kendrick Lamar pushing boundaries with tracks such as "Alright" in 2015, which blend socially conscious lyrics with innovative production techniques, demonstrating the genre's ability to address contemporary issues while exploring new sounds and styles.

"Rapper's Delight" emphasizes lyrics and delivery, propelled by a straightforward yet catchy beat, capturing the nostalgic charm and raw energy of early hip-hop culture. In contrast, "Alright" by Kendrick Lamar features intricate instrumentation and layered production, creating a musically dense background that complements its introspective and thought-provoking lyrical content, showcasing the depth and maturity of contemporary rap music.

My preference would be the song "Alright" because of its modern innovation, depth of musicality, and meaningful lyricism, despite acknowledging the seminal importance of both tracks. I think the journey of rap music from its origins to its current state is characterized by innovation, diversity, and authenticity, with having its roots in storytelling, rhythm, and social commentary remain important components throughout its evolution.

Carnegie Hall. "History of Rap and Hip-Hop." Carnegie Hall Digital Archives, https://timeline.carnegiehall.org/genres/rap-hip-hop.

Wikipedia contributors. "Hip-Hop (Culture)." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 18 February 2022. Web. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture).